An incunabulum is a book,single sheet, or image that was printed before the year 1501 in Europe. These are usually very rare and fragile items whose nature can only be verified by experts. The origin of the word is the Latin incunabula for swaddling clothes used by extension for the infancy or early stages of something.
There are two types incunabula in printing the Block book printed from a single carved or sculpted wooden block for each page by the same process as the woodcut in art and the typographic book,made with individual pieces of cast metal movable type on a printing press.Many authors reserve the term incunabula for the typographic ones only.
The spread of printing to cities both in the north and in Italy ensured that there was great variety in the texts chosen for printing and the styles in which they appeared.Many early typefaces were modelled on local forms of European forms of Gothic script, but there were also some derived from documentary scripts and particularly in Italy, types modelled on handwritten scripts and calligraphy employed by humanists.
Printers congregated in urban centres where there were scholars, ecclesiastics,lawyers,nobles and professionals who formed their major customer base.
The introduction of rag paper
The word paper comes from the ancient Egyptian writing material called papyrus, which was woven papyrus plants. Paper remained a luxury item through the centuries until the advent of steam-driven paper making machines.Together with the invention of the practical fountain pen and the mass produced pencil of the same period, and in conjunction with the advent of the steam driven rotary printing press, wood based paper caused a major transformation of the 19 th century economy and society in industrialized countries.Before thies era a book or a newspaper was a rare luxury object and newspapers became slowly available to nearly all the members of an industrial society.
During the incunabula period, Europeans used rags to make paper by the following method: the rags were cut into small pieces; fermented: ground by watermill: and scooped into a mould to dry.
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