Arts and Crafts Movement

English,American aesthetic movement inspired by the writings John Ruskin.British and American arhitecture,decorative arts,cabinet making,crafts and cottage garden designs of William Robinson or Gertrudee Jekyll.

Morris,
Mackintosh,
Wright and artists in the Pre-Raphaelite movement.

Some of the protogonists turned handcraft left machinery technology.Some Europeans believed machines fact necessary but machines were ordinary.

William Morris

English artist,writer,socialist activist,pioneer eco socialism

English hand craft movement!

Morris influenced John Ruskin and they met.He also met his wife.His wife Jane Burden working class woman,pale skin,languid figure,wavy,dark hair = epitome beauty.

Morris openned Morris Company.The Kelm Scott Press Morris founded ths press.Printing and book design.He designed clear typefaces such as his roman"golden type"

Victorian Era

*the height of the British industrial revolution

*morality

*a distillation of the moral views

*verbal or written communication of emotion/sexual feelings were banned (such as leg->limb [euphemism])

*men cloths:formal/women clothes:fussy and over-done(mens formal clothing less colourful than previous century)(womens used corsets,corsets brought to the fore chests and shoulders)

*homes are dark,gloomy,cluttered with massiveover-ornated furniture. 

Kitsch

Cheap standing art,there is no creativity.

Lithograpy-Photography

Lithography

Alois Senefelder invented the technique of printing stone plates.This new method has spread rapidly in the arts. Lithograpy has become an outstanding techical Munich became the center of printing technique.

Ink and water mixture!!!
Ink will adhere to the positive image, water will clean negative image.

A separate stone is used for each color.Poster designs appeared.Many chromolithographic printing produced America and Europe.Multi-colour printing appeared "Chromolithography"


Photography 

Visual communication producedures was invention photography.This is the process of making pictures "Action of light" Light patterns reflected or emitted from objects.The first photograph image produced by French inventor Nicephore Niepce on a polished pewter plate with a camera.

Daguerre announced to discover fast photography but William Fox had earlier discovered "Fix a silver process".Daugreeotype became was popular.Middle classes choose this people could not be pay much money.Photo's have low cost than the oil paintings.

George Eastman developed film to replace the photo plate!Photographers no longer needed to carry boxes of plates and toxic chemicals!Kodak camera went on the market...

Slogan: "You press the button,we do the rest"

Breaking the Grid !

The Industrial Revolution was the major technological, socioeconomic and cultural change in the late 18th and early 19th century that began in Britain and spread throughout the world. During that time, an economy based on manual labour was replaced by one dominated by industry and the manufacture of machinery. It began with the mechanisation of the textile industries and the development of iron-making techniques, and trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and then railways. The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships, railways, and later in the nineteenth century with the internal combustion engine and electrical power generation. At the turn of the century, innovator Henry Ford, father of the assembly line, stated, "There is but one rule for the industrialist, and that is: Make the highest quality goods possible at the lowest cost possible, paying the highest wages possible."

Breaking the Grid

Printing techniques using movable type had restricted graphic design to an inflexible grid: Anything that was to be mass printed in great volume needed to adhere to a system whereby type was set in consecutive rows of parallel lines. Illustrations, maps and the like were hand drawn and engraved, only allowing for limited, costly editions due to the wearage of the engraving plates. The mass productive milieu of the industrial revolution manifested itself in a unique invention called lithography and this technique was to set type free from the bondage of the compositor.

Architectural and technical drawings

The famous work entitled "French Architecture" was written and illustrated by Jacques-François Blondel between 1752-1756. The most significant churches, royal mansions, palaces, hotels, residences and other buildings of Paris, as well as holiday homes and castles on the outskirts of Paris and in other parts of France, built by the most celebrated architects". The full work contained 498 large-sized illustrations by celebrated architects showing panoramic views and detailed interior and exterior decoration composition drawings of 18th century notable buildings churches, royal palaces, monuments, parks, etc. A range of architectural styles can be viewed, and many of these buildings no longer exist or been remodelled, such as the Palace of Tuileries which was destroyed by fire in 1871. The initial four volume work was published by Charles-Antoine Jombert, one of the leading French printer-publishers of the 18th century.

Encyclopedias, maps and scientific Illustrations

Scientists illustrated their research and studies with images from early days onwards: Indeed even some of the Egyptian frescoes seem to point at scientific depictions. There are, of course, many herbariums and medicinal books in Medieval Europe that were illustrated with drawings; but it is with the onset of the renaisance and especially the baroque and the age of the enlightenment, bringing about the spirit of scientific accuracy and of research that scientific illustrations really came into their own.

Andreas Vesalius

(1514 - 1564) was a Flemish anatomist and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body). Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy. Vesalius' name is also referred to as Andreas Vesal or Andreas van Wesel, depending on the source.

Sydney Parkinson

The voyage of HMS Endeavour (1768-1771), under the legendary Captain James Cook (1728 - 1779), was the first devoted exclusively to scientific discovery. This link below will you to a site that presents most of the botanical drawings and engravings prepared by artist Sydney Parkinson before his untimely death at sea, and by other artists back in England working from Parkinson's initial sketches.

Born in Scotland, Parkinson came to London in 1766 and was soon after engaged by Banks to work at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, where he worked for a year before before joining the Endeavour. One of two on board artists, neither of whom survived the voyage, Parkinson died at sea shortly after leaving Java.

The masters of type of the Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment refers to either the eighteenth century in European philosophy, or the longer period including the seventeenth century and the Age of Reason. It can more narrowly refer to the historical intellectual movement The Enlightenment, which advocated Reason as a means to establishing an authoritative system of aesthetics, ethics, and logic, which, they supposed, would allow human beings to obtain objective truth about the universe. Emboldened by the revolution in physics commenced by Newtonian kinematics, Enlightenment thinkers argued that the same kind of systematic thinking could apply to all forms of human activity.

The intellectual leaders regarded themselves as a courageous elite who would purposely lead the world into progress from a long period of doubtful tradition, irrationality, superstition, and tyranny, which they imputed to the Dark Ages. The movement helped create the intellectual framework for the American and French Revolutions, the Latin American independence movement, and the Polish Constitution of May 3; and led to the rise of classical liberalism and capitalism. It is matched with the high baroque and classical eras in music, and the neo-classical period in the arts; it receives contemporary attention as being one of the central models for many movements in the modern period.

The 18th century brought about the ultiamte refinement in page design and typography, especially embodied in Giambattista Bodoni's work. The beautiful font "Bodoni", named after him is one we use with relish even today.

François-Ambroise Didot

(1730-1804) succeeded his father François, and was appointed printer to the clergy in 1788. All the lovers of fine books highly appreciate the editions known as "D'Artois" (Recueil de romans français, 64 vols.) and "du Dauphin", a collection of French classics in 32 vols., edited by order of Louis XVI. He also published a Bible. He invented a new printing-press, improved type-founding, and was the first to print on vellum paper.About 1780 he adapted the "point" system for sizing typefaces by width. This he established as 1/72nd of a French inch (i.e., this was before the metric system), which was larger than any of the former Imperial inch of the UK or that of the US, let alone the international inch of 25.4 mm. His unit of the point was later named after him as the didot. It became the prevailing system of type measurement throughout continental Europe, its former colonies, and Latin America. In 1973 it was metrically standardized at 0.375 mm for the European Union. The English-speaking world, on the other hand, established the unit called simply the "point," originally to the same proportion of the smaller inches of the various countries.

Giambattista Bodoni 

(1740-1813) was an Italian engraver, publisher, printer and typographer of high repute remembered for designing a typeface which is now called Bodoni. Giambattista Bodoni achieved an unprecedented level of technical refinement, allowing him to faithfully reproduce letterforms with very thin "hairlines", standing in sharp contrast to the thicker lines constituting the main stems of the characters. His printing reflected an aesthetic of plain, unadorned style, combined with purity of materials. This style attracted many admirers and imitators, surpassing the popularity of French typographers such as Philippe Grandjean and Pierre Simon Fournier. Bodoni was appointed printer to the court of Parma in 1768. Important folio editions by Bodoni are works by Horace (1791), Vergil (1793), and Homer (1808). The Bodoni Museum, named for the artisan, was opened in Parma in 1963.